The British Industrial Revolution's Beginnings

1712 Illustration of Thomas Newcomen's Steam Engine

In 1712, Thomas Newcomen together with John Calley built their first steam engine on top of a water filled mine shaft and used it to pump water out of the mine. The Newcomen steam engine was the predecessor to the Watt steam engine and it was one of the most interesting pieces of technology developed during the 1700's. The invention of engines, the first being steam engines, was very important to the industrial revolution.

1733 - Flying Shuttle, Automation of Textile Making & The Industrial Revolution

The flying shuttle ( marked as letter " I " above) was thrown by a leaver that could be operated by one weaver.In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster.By using a flying shuttle, a single weaver could produce a wide piece of cloth. The original shuttle contained a bobbin on to which the weft (weaving term for the crossways yarn) yarn was wound. It was normally pushed from one side of the warp (weaving term for the the series of yarns that extended lengthways in a loom) to the other side by hand. Before the flying shuttle wide looms needed two or more weavers to throw the shuttle. The automation of making textiles (fabrics, clothing, etc) marked the beginning of the industrial revolution.

1764 - Increased Yarn and Thread Production During Industrial Revolution

The spinning jenny used eight spindles of instead of the one found on spinning wheels.

Engraving T. E. Nicholson

In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning jenny, a hand-powered multiple spinning machine that was the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel by making it possible to spin more than one ball of yarn or thread.{p] Spinner machines like the spinning wheel and the spinning jenny made the threads and yarns used by weavers in their looms. As weaving looms became faster, inventors had to find ways for spinners to keep up.

1769 - James Watt's Improved Steam Engine Powers the Industrial Revolution

James Watt invented an efficient steam engine. Mary Bellis

James Watt was sent a Newcomen steam engine to repair that led him to invented improvements for steam engines.Steam engines were now true reciprocating engine and not atmospheric engines. Watt added a crank and flywheel to his engine so that it could provide rotary motion. Watt's steam engine machine was four times more powerful than those engines based on Thomas Newcomen's steam engine design.

1769 - Spinning Frame or Water Frame

Water Frame

Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame or water frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns. The first models were powered by waterwheels so the device came to be first known as the water frame. It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine and enabled the move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production of textiles. The water frame was also the first machine that could spin cotton threads. 

1785 - Power Loom's Effect on the Women of the Industrial Revolution

Power Loom - Circa 1833

The power loom was a steam-powered, mechanically-operated version of a regular loom. A loom is a device that combined threads to make cloth.When the power loom became efficient, women replaced most men as weavers in the textile factories.

1830 - Practical Sewing Machines & Ready Made Clothing

George Blanchard Gentlemen can, at all times, find a rich and splendid assortment of ready made clothing & furnishing goods.After the sewing machine was invented, the ready-made clothing industry took off. Before sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local and hand-sewn.

The first functional sewing machine was invented by the French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in 1830.About 1831, George Opdyke was one of the first American merchants to begin the small-scale manufacture of ready-made clothing. But it was not until after the power-driven sewing machine was invented, that factory production of clothes on a large scale occurred.

Remember to listen to audio and study Power Points on the Global Consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

The Bloodiest Revolution of All Time

 

A coloured engraving shows the runaway royal family busted by French democrats. Large Louis and extravagant Marie Antoinette were apprehended in Varennes, just miles from the Austrian border. Some say the strong scent of the queen's perfume gave their whereabouts away.

The guillotine is named for Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin, who endeavored to commission a device that would deliver a swift and honorable death to people of all classes. Before the French Revolution, only nobles were executed by decapitation -- other lower-class capital criminals were subjected to burning, drowning and maiming.

Sensational revolutionary journalist Jean Paul Marat was murdered by Charlotte Corday as he lay soaking in a medicinal bath. She committed this premeditated murder with a dinner knife, hoping his death would signal the end of the revolution.

Charlotte Corday was sentenced to die at the guillotine on July 17, 1793, for the murder of Marat. The executioner claimed that the eyes in Corday's severed head glared defiantly at him. This set a precedent for the executioner to order the victim to blink his or her eyes after the blade came down; supposedly, people could blink for 30 seconds after they'd been decapitated.

Maximilien de Robespierre, an Enlightenment thinker, dared to ask why only the Third Estate had to pay taxes. He would later demand for people to worship reason and to join the Cult of the Supreme Being, much less sensible things to ask.

*Multiple Choice Test on the videos Friday, 14th October.

*Write a well-researched essay on the Causes and Consequences of the French Revolution.
*Remember to mention the contribution of four Enlightenment thinkers in your essay.

Due Friday 21st October.

The Consequences of the American Revolution

*Explain 5 consequences of the American Revolution besides the obvious 
  attainment of independence.
*Please note that each student should explain only one point and no point
  should be repeated.
*I expect at least one quote for each point.
  Due next class.

The US Declaration of Independence

Causes of the American Revolution

Draw a diagram encapsulating the causes of the American Revolution.
Get set to present the diagram on Monday.
Remember to quote.
The presentation will be graded for creativity, fluency, expression, and knowledge of content.

European Settlement and Rivalry Questions

As we wrap up this section of the module please consider the following questions for the exam:

1) What led to European rivalry?
2) Did economics solely determine where the Spanish settled?
3) Explain four ways Spain solidified its monopoly in the New World.
4) Discuss 5 factors that accounted for Spanish-America's decline.
5) Explain the significance of the Dutch in the 16th and 17th centuries.
6) How did the Dutch contribute to the Spanish-America decline?

Spanish Decline and European Wars

1) Briefly explain at least four factors that contributed to the Spanish decline.
2) How did the European wars impact Spain's monopoly ?
3) What did the three Dutch Wars do to the Dutch supremacy?
4) "Trade rivalry and power and prestige triggered all of the European Wars we've studied so far." Discuss

Renaissance Video

This video encapsulates the magnificence of the Renaissance period.

Age of Exploration's Impetus

Blog Assignment #1: Due Friday, 21^st September, 2012

Utilizing at least 3 examples and a solid quote, explain how technological advancement propelled the Age of Exploration. (9 marks)

Blog Assignment #2: Due Tuesday, 25^th September, 2012

a) Briefly discuss why the Age of Exploration was all about Gold, Glory and God? (6 marks)

b) Suggest 3 questions that CAPE might ask about this topic. (6 marks)

Essay on Impetus for Age of Exploration: Due Wednesday, 3^rd October, 2012

c) Write an essay on the “Driving forces behind the Age of Exploration.” (30 marks)
This essay should be handed in to the lecturer on or before the due date.